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--- public:t-719-nxai:nxai-25:readings [2025/04/27 16:04] – [AUTONOMY & CONTROL [ 4,6 ]] thorisson
+++ public:t-719-nxai:nxai-25:readings [2025/04/27 17:53] (current) – [Key Questions] thorisson
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
   * [[https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jagi-2019-0002|On Defining Artificial Intelligence]] by P. Wang
   * [[http://cadia.ru.is/wiki/public:t720-atai-2012:what_is_agi|What is GMI?]] by K. R. Thórisson.
-  * [[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/Sloman.kd.pdf | Architectural Requirements for Human-like Agents Both Natural and Artificial]] by A. Sloman
   * [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4688/e564f16662838938a2d729685baab068751b.pdf?_ga=2.196493103.2038245345.1566469635-1488191987.1566469635|Cognitive Architecture Requirements for Achieving AGI]] by J.E. Laird et al.
   * [[http://cis-linux1.temple.edu/~pwang/Publication/AGI_Aspects.pdf|Introduction: Aspects of Artificial General Intelligence]] by P. Wang & B. Goerzel (first 3 sections)
@@ Line 49: / Line 48: @@
   * [[https://cis-linux1.temple.edu/~pwang/Publication/learning.pdf|The Logic of Learning]] by P. Wang
   * [[https://www.iiim.is/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/wang-agisp-2011.pdf|Behavioral Self-Programming by Reasoning]] by P. Wang
-  * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/AGI18__Cumulative_Learning_With_Causal_Relational_Models.pdf|Cumulative Learning With Causal Relational Models]] by Thórisson & Talbot.
+  * [[https://philosophynow.org/issues/106/Critical_Reasoning|Critical Reasoning]] by M. Talbot
-  * [[https://philosophynow.org/issues/106/Critical_Reasoning|Critical Reasoning]] by Marianne Talbot
   * [[http://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/stat_ser/r284-reprint.pdf|Bayesianism and Causality, or, Why I Am Only A Half-Bayesian]] by J. Pearl
-  * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/Helgason%20et%20al-AGI2013.pdf| Predictive Heuristics for Decision-Making in Real-World Environments]] by H. Helgason et al.
+  * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/Helgason%20et%20al-AGI2013.pdf| Predictive Heuristics for Decision-Making in Real-World Environments]] by H.P.Helgason et al.
@@ Line 63: / Line 61: @@
 //What is learning? \\ Do different //kinds// of learning exist? \\ What are the component processes of learning? \\ How can these processes be unified in a single coherent system? \\ Is "machine learning" comparable to human (kinds of) learning?//
-  * [[https://www.academia.edu/40043621/Cumulative_Learning|Cumulative Learning]] by K.R. Thórisson et al.
   * [[http://cadia.ru.is/wiki/public:t720-atai-2012:what_is_agi|What is GMI?]] by K. R. Thórisson.
+  * [[https://www.academia.edu/40043621/Cumulative_Learning|Cumulative Learning]] by K.R. Thórisson et al.
+  * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/AGI18__Cumulative_Learning_With_Causal_Relational_Models.pdf|Cumulative Learning With Causal Relational Models]] by K.R.Thórisson & A.Talbot
   * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/Seed-Programmed-General-Learning-Thorisson-PMLR-2020.pdf|Seed-Programmed Autonomous General Learning]] (sections 1 and 2) by K.R. Thórisson
-  * [[https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Bayes/pomdp.html|A Brief Intro to Reinforcement Learning]] by Kevin Murphy.
+  * [[https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/498/434|The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence: Learning to Learn]] by P. Bock
-    * //Alternative to Murphy:// [[http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~dayan/papers/dw01.pdf|Reinforcement Learning in the Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science]] by P. Dayan and C. Watkins.
   * [[https://proceedings.mlr.press/v159/eberding22a/eberding22a.pdf|Comparison of Machine Learners on an ABA Experiment Format of the Cart-Pole Task]] by Eberding et al.
+  * [[https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Bayes/pomdp.html|A Brief Intro to Reinforcement Learning]] by Kevin Murphy
+    * //Alternative to Murphy:// [[http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~dayan/papers/dw01.pdf|Reinforcement Learning in the Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science]] by P. Dayan and C. Watkins
   * [[https://web.stanford.edu/class/psych209/Readings/SuttonBartoIPRLBook2ndEd.pdf|Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction]] by Rich Sutton and Andrew Barto (1998), //First chapter//. This is **"the"** introductory text on RL.
-  * [[https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/498/434|The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence: Learning to Learn]] by P. Bock.
-  * [[http://cis-linux1.temple.edu/~pwang/Publication/learning.pdf|The Logic of Learning]] by P. Wang.
 \\
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 //How is autonomy defined? \\ What are the levels of autonomy? \\ What are the minimum requirements for different autonomy levels? \\ How can autonomy be achieved in an artificial system? \\ Is learning necessary for autonomy? //
-  * {{/public:t-720-atai:control_theory.pdf|Introduction to Control Theory}}
+  * [[/public:T-719-NXAI:nxai-25:creating_a_child_machine_-_raj_reddy.pdf| Creating a Child Machine: Reflections on Turing’s Proposal]] by R. Reddy
-  * [[http://cadia.ru.is/wiki/_media/creating_a_child_machine_-_raj_reddy.pdf| Creating a Child Machine: Reflections on Turing’s Proposal]] by R. Reddy.
   * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/AutonomyCogArchReview-ThorissonHelgason-JAGI-2012.pdf| Cognitive Architectures & Autonomy: A Comparative Review]] by K.R. Thórisson & H.P. Helgason.
-  * [[http://tierra.aslab.upm.es/~sanz/old/docs/ISIC-2000.pdf|Fridges, Elephants, and the Meaning of Autonomy and Intelligence]] by R. Sanz et al.
+  * [[http://www.aslab.org/~sanz/old/docs/ISIC-2000.pdf|Fridges, Elephants, and the Meaning of Autonomy and Intelligence]] by R. Sanz et al.
-  * [[http://cogprints.org/5941/1/ASLAB-A-2007-011.pdf|Principles of Integrated Cognitive Control]] by R. Sanz et al.
+  * [[http://cogprints.org/5941/1/ASLAB-A-2007-011.pdf| Principles of Integrated Cognitive Control]] by R. Sanz et al.
   * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/nivel_thorisson_replicode_AGI13.pdf| Towards a Programming Paradigm for Control Systems With High Levels of Existential Autonomy]] by E. Nivel & K.R.Thórisson.
-  * {{public:t-720-atai:a_primer_for_conant_and_ashby_s_good-regulator_theorem.pdf| A Primer For Conant & Ashby's “Good-Regulator Theorem”}} by Daniel L. Scholten.
+  * {{http://cadia.ru.is/wiki/_media/wiki:a_primer_for_conant_and_ashby_s_good-regulator_theorem.pdf| A Primer For Conant & Ashby's “Good-Regulator Theorem”}} by Daniel L. Scholten.
-  * [[http://cleamc11.vub.ac.be/books/Conant_Ashby.pdf| Every Good Regulator of a System Must be a Model of that System]] by Conant & Ashby.
+  * [[http://cleamc11.vub.ac.be/books/Conant_Ashby.pdf| Every Good Regulator of a System Must be a Model of that System]] by Conant & Ashby
-  * {{/public:t-720-atai:bellman.pdf|Control Theory}} by Bellman.
   * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_system| Hybrid Systems]] on Wikipedia.
   * [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elena_Messina/publication/228630874_A_framework_for_autonomy_levels_for_unmanned_systems_(ALFUS)/links/0c960517a990b246b1000000.pdf|A Framework for Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems (ALFUS)]] by Huang et al.
-  * [[http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Fall/2007/FS-07-01/FS07-01-025.pdf | Self-awareness in Real-Time Cognitive Control Architectures]] by R. Sanz, I. López & C. Hernández
+  * [[http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Fall/2007/FS-07-01/FS07-01-025.pdf | Self-awareness in Real-Time Cognitive Control Architectures]] by R. Sanz et al.
   * [[http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Cybernetics-EPST.pdf|Cybernetics and Second-Order Cybernetics]] by Heylighen & Joslyn.
-  * [[http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/article/viewFile/1249/410| Robert Rosen’s Anticipatory Systems Theory: The Art and Science of Thinking Ahead]] by J. Rosen.
+  * [[http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings53rd/article/viewFile/1249/410| Robert Rosen’s Anticipatory Systems Theory: The Art and Science of Thinking Ahead]] by J. Rosen
   * [[http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf| Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System]] by L. Lamport
   * [[http://tierra.aslab.upm.es/~sanz/old/docs/ISIC-2000.pdf| Fridges, Elephants, and the Meaning of Autonomy and Intelligence]] by R. Sanz et al.
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 \\
-\\
@@ Line 129: / Line 127: @@
 in General Self-Supervised Learning]]  by K.R. Thórisson
   * [[http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/PublishedPapers/pssh.pdf| The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis: Status & Prospects]] by N. J. Nilsson.
+  * [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359625587_Understanding_is_a_process| Understanding is a Process]] by Blaha et al.
   * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/AGI17_Understanding&CommonSense.pdf| Understanding & Common Sense: Two Sides of the Same Coin?]] by K. R. Thórisson & D. Kremelberg
-  * [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359625587_Understanding_is_a_process| Understanding is a Process]] by Blaha et al.
   * [[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj1gdit6qDsAhXJ5-AKHZU3B8YQFjAAegQIARAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F863857%2FCell_psychology_an_evolutionary_approach_to_the_symbol-matter_problem%3Fauto%3Ddownload&usg=AOvVaw0RFBI0LxmOtGrKvE8u6Adz| Cell psychology: An evolutionary approach to the symbol-matter problem]] by H. Pattee
   * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/IJCAI17-EGPAI-EvaluatingUnderstanding.pdf| Evaluating Understanding]] by J.Bieger & K.R.Thórisson
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 // What role does a cognitive architecture play in intelligence? \\ How is cognitive architecture different from software architecture? \\ How does reasoning, goals, understanding and meaning come into a cognitive architecture? \\ How does reasoning fit into the concept of meaning? \\ Is meaning necessary for understanding? //
-  * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsumption_architecture| Subsumption Architecture]] on Wikipedia.
+  * [[http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/Sloman.kd.pdf | Architectural Requirements for Human-like Agents Both Natural and Artificial]] by A. Sloman
-    * //(supplementary, optional)// [[http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/how-to-build.pdf| How to Build Complete Creatures Rather than Isolated Cognitive Simulators]] by Rodney Brooks.
-    * //(supplementary, optional)// [[ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-864.pdf| A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot]] by R. Brooks.
-    * //(supplementary, optional)// [[http://www.artificialhumancompanions.com/robot-mind-robot-body-whatever-happened-subsumption-architecture/|Whatever happened to the subsumption architecture?]] by Simon Birrell.
   * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/Thorisson_chapt9_TFofAGI_Wang_Goertzel_2012.pdf| A New Constructivist AI: From Manual Construction to Self-Constructive Systems]] by K.R. Thórisson
   * {{:public:archmismatch-icse17.pdf| Architectural Mismatch or Why it’s hard to build systems out of existing parts}} by Garlan, D., R. Allen and J. Ockerbloom.
@@ Line 181: / Line 176: @@
 \\
-=====IMPLEMENTED AGI-ASPIRING SYSTEMS=====
+=====IMPLEMENTED COGNITIVE ARCHITECTURES=====
 \\
+==== SUBSUMPTION ARCHTIECTURE ====
+//The Subsumption Architecture is definitely GOFAI-style architecture: With baked-in hand-coded goals and control structures, these systems are notoriously difficult to build for autonomous adaptation of any kind. But they are fun to build, robust and easy to debug. //
+  * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsumption_architecture| Subsumption Architecture]] on Wikipedia.
+    * //(supplementary, optional)// [[http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/how-to-build.pdf| How to Build Complete Creatures Rather than Isolated Cognitive Simulators]] by Rodney Brooks.
+    * //(supplementary, optional)// [[ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-864.pdf| A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot]] by R. Brooks.
+    * //(supplementary, optional)// [[http://www.artificialhumancompanions.com/robot-mind-robot-body-whatever-happened-subsumption-architecture/|Whatever happened to the subsumption architecture?]] by Simon Birrell.
 ==== NARS ====
+// This is the definitive reasoning architecture, under development since the 1990s.//
   * [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.134.4298&rep=rep1&type=pdf|From NARS to a thinking machine]] by P. Wang
@@ Line 193: / Line 201: @@
 ==== AERA ====
+// The Reykjavik University architecture that has been shown to learn very complex tasks by observation.//
   * [[http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~kris/ftp/PeeweeGranularity-Thorisson-Nivel-09.pdf|Achieving Artificial General Intelligence Through Peewee Granularity]] by Thórisson, K. R. & Nivel, E.
@@ Line 203: / Line 213: @@
 ====  Drescher's Constructivist Schema System ====
+// One of the earliest examples of implemented self-guided learning systems. //
   * [[http://cadia.ru.is/wiki/_media/public:t-720-atai:dvhw-made-up-minds-drescher-1991.pdf|Made-Up Minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence]] by G. Drescher
     * Read chapters 1 & 2 for understanding Drescher's (and Piaget's) psychological motivation; Ch. 3 & 4 for an overview of the computational framework.
 ==== Sigma [ 0,1 ] ====
+// Sigma doesn't learn, but it's a great tool for learning about generality and autonomy. //
   * [[http://cs.usc.edu/~rosenblo/Pubs/Sigma%20AISBQ%20D.pdf|The Sigma Cognitive Architecture and System]] by P. S. Rosenbloom
-==== Open Cog ====
+==== OpenCOG ====
+// Originally based on NARS (see above), the latest incarnation of the OpenCOG is called . //
   * [[http://goertzel.org/dynapsyc/2009/OpenCogPrime.pdf|OPENCOG PRIME: A COGNITIVE SYNERGY BASED ARCHITECTURE FOR ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE]] by Ben Goertzel