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public:t_720_atai:atai-18:lecture_notes_w3b [2018/09/04 14:07] – thorissonpublic:t_720_atai:atai-18:lecture_notes_w3b [2024/04/29 13:33] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-[[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:main|T-720-ATAI-2018 Main]]+[[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:main|T-720-ATAI-2018 Main]]\\ 
 +[[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:Lecture_Notes|Links to Lecture Notes]] 
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 =====T-720-ATAI-2018===== =====T-720-ATAI-2018=====
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 +=====EMERGENCE=====
 +
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 +====Complex Systems====
 +^Kind of System^What it Consists of^Theory^Methodology^
 +|  Static system  | Elements of the system do not interact, or interact slowly. Example: Mountains.  | Depends on the domain.  | Ditto   |
 +|  Dynamic system  | Elements of the system interact.   | Depends on the domain.  | Ditto  |
 +|  Simple system  | Few interacting parts   | Mechanics   | Observation of operation, experimentation, parts analysis. Analytic analysis.  |
 +|  Complex uniform system  | Vast amounts of identical elements interacting   | Thermodynamics    | Statistics. Mathematical models and simulation.   |
 +|  Complex heterogeneous system  | Multiple unique elements interacting  | //--missing!--//  | Agent-based models and simulation  |
  
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +
 +====Properties of HeLDs====
 +^Property^Description^Example^
 +|  Emergence  | Properties of a system that are not inherent in the description of its parts. | The wetness of multiple water molecules. The pressure of a gas when heated.   | 
 +|  Two types of emergent properties  | Locally emergent; globally emergent.   |   |
 +|  Local emergence  | Property belongs uniformly to all the system's parts. If we can take a small part of the system away, and the rest still retains the emergent property, the property is called //local//.   | Atoms in a gas.  |
 +|  Global emergence  | Property belongs to sub-parts of the system. If the emergent property disappears when we take away a part of it, the property is globally emergent.  | Spark plugs in an automobile.  |
 +|  Brains  | Human brains exhibit both globally and locally emergent properties, along several dimensions.  |
 +
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +
 +====How to Study HeLDs Scientifically====
 +|  Reductionism  | The method of isolating parts of a complex phenomenon or system in order to simplify and speed up our understanding of it. See also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism|Reductionism]] on Wikipedia.   |
 +|  Occam's Razor  | Key principle of reductionism. See also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor|Occam's Razor]].  |
 +|  HeLD  | Cannot be studied by the standard application of reductionism/Occam's Razor, because the emergent properties are lost. Instead, corollaries of the system -- while ensuring some commonality to the original system //in toto// -- must be studied to gain insights into the target system.   |
 +|  Agent & Environment  | We try to characterize the Agent and its Task-Environment as two interacting complex systems. If we keep the Task-Environment constant, the remaining system to study is the Agent and its controller.   |
 +
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +
 +
 +|   {{public:t-720-atai:simple-system1.png}}   |
 +|  How to tease apart HeLDs.   |
 +
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +
 +|   {{public:t-720-atai:system-env-world-1.png}}   |
 +|  Relationship between system, its task-environment, and the world.   |
 +
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +
 +====Examples of Self-Organization (Emergence)====
 +
 +|  Group Clapping  | Try this in class: Start clapping; aim for clapping at the same rate as everyone else in the room.  Self-organization without centralized control.   |
 +|  Conway's Game of Life  | [[https://bitstorm.org/gameoflife/|Link to Applet]]   |
 +
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
 +\\
  
-=====EMERGENCE===== 
  
 ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction====
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 |  {{public:t-720-atai:250px-the_belousov-zhabotinsky_reaction.gif}}  |  |  {{public:t-720-atai:250px-the_belousov-zhabotinsky_reaction.gif}}  | 
 |  Simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Source: Wikipedia]] | |  Simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Source: Wikipedia]] |
 +
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 +\\
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 +
 ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction====
 |  What it is  | A chemical reaction discovered in 1950.   | |  What it is  | A chemical reaction discovered in 1950.   |
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 |  Real version on Youtube  | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBa4kgXI4Cg \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JAqrRnKFHo  \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y3uL5PRsZw&feature=related   | |  Real version on Youtube  | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBa4kgXI4Cg \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JAqrRnKFHo  \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y3uL5PRsZw&feature=related   |
  
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 |  {{public:t-720-atai:zhabotinsky-reaction-1.png?400|Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction}}  | |  {{public:t-720-atai:zhabotinsky-reaction-1.png?400|Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction}}  |
 |  A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]]  | |  A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]]  |
 +
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 +
 ====Cellular Automata==== ====Cellular Automata====
 |  What it is  | An algorithmic way to program interaction between (large numbers of) rule-determined "agents" or cells.  [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton|Wikipedia]]  | |  What it is  | An algorithmic way to program interaction between (large numbers of) rule-determined "agents" or cells.  [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton|Wikipedia]]  |
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 ====CA Example 1==== ====CA Example 1====
 | {{public:t-720-atai:emergence-fig.jpg}}  | | {{public:t-720-atai:emergence-fig.jpg}}  |
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 +
 ==== Stephen Wolfram's CA Work==== ==== Stephen Wolfram's CA Work====
 |  CA  | http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html   | |  CA  | http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html   |
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 +2018(c)K.R.Thórisson
 +\\
 +//EOF//
/var/www/cadia.ru.is/wiki/data/attic/public/t_720_atai/atai-18/lecture_notes_w3b.1536070024.txt.gz · Last modified: 2024/04/29 13:33 (external edit)
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