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| [[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:main|T-720-ATAI-2018 Main]] | [[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:main|T-720-ATAI-2018 Main]]\\ |
| | [[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:Lecture_Notes|Links to Lecture Notes]] |
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| =====T-720-ATAI-2016===== | \\ |
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| | =====T-720-ATAI-2018===== |
| ====Lecture Notes==== | ====Lecture Notes==== |
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| | =====EMERGENCE===== |
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| | ====Complex Systems==== |
| | ^Kind of System^What it Consists of^Theory^Methodology^ |
| | | Static system | Elements of the system do not interact, or interact slowly. Example: Mountains. | Depends on the domain. | Ditto | |
| | | Dynamic system | Elements of the system interact. | Depends on the domain. | Ditto | |
| | | Simple system | Few interacting parts | Mechanics | Observation of operation, experimentation, parts analysis. Analytic analysis. | |
| | | Complex uniform system | Vast amounts of identical elements interacting | Thermodynamics | Statistics. Mathematical models and simulation. | |
| | | Complex heterogeneous system | Multiple unique elements interacting | //--missing!--// | Agent-based models and simulation | |
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| | ====Properties of HeLDs==== |
| | ^Property^Description^Example^ |
| | | Emergence | Properties of a system that are not inherent in the description of its parts. | The wetness of multiple water molecules. The pressure of a gas when heated. | |
| | | Two types of emergent properties | Locally emergent; globally emergent. | | |
| | | Local emergence | Property belongs uniformly to all the system's parts. If we can take a small part of the system away, and the rest still retains the emergent property, the property is called //local//. | Atoms in a gas. | |
| | | Global emergence | Property belongs to sub-parts of the system. If the emergent property disappears when we take away a part of it, the property is globally emergent. | Spark plugs in an automobile. | |
| | | Brains | Human brains exhibit both globally and locally emergent properties, along several dimensions. | |
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| | ====How to Study HeLDs Scientifically==== |
| | | Reductionism | The method of isolating parts of a complex phenomenon or system in order to simplify and speed up our understanding of it. See also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism|Reductionism]] on Wikipedia. | |
| | | Occam's Razor | Key principle of reductionism. See also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor|Occam's Razor]]. | |
| | | HeLD | Cannot be studied by the standard application of reductionism/Occam's Razor, because the emergent properties are lost. Instead, corollaries of the system -- while ensuring some commonality to the original system //in toto// -- must be studied to gain insights into the target system. | |
| | | Agent & Environment | We try to characterize the Agent and its Task-Environment as two interacting complex systems. If we keep the Task-Environment constant, the remaining system to study is the Agent and its controller. | |
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| | | {{public:t-720-atai:simple-system1.png}} | |
| | | How to tease apart HeLDs. | |
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| | | {{public:t-720-atai:system-env-world-1.png}} | |
| | | Relationship between system, its task-environment, and the world. | |
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| | ====Examples of Self-Organization (Emergence)==== |
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| | | Group Clapping | Try this in class: Start clapping; aim for clapping at the same rate as everyone else in the room. Self-organization without centralized control. | |
| | | Conway's Game of Life | [[https://bitstorm.org/gameoflife/|Link to Applet]] | |
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| =====EMERGENCE===== | |
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| ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== | ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== |
| | {{public:t-720-atai:250px-the_belousov-zhabotinsky_reaction.gif}} | | | {{public:t-720-atai:250px-the_belousov-zhabotinsky_reaction.gif}} | |
| | Simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Source: Wikipedia]] | | | Simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Source: Wikipedia]] | |
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| ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== | ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== |
| | What it is | A chemical reaction discovered in 1950. | | | What it is | A chemical reaction discovered in 1950. | |
| | Real version on Youtube | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBa4kgXI4Cg \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JAqrRnKFHo \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y3uL5PRsZw&feature=related | | | Real version on Youtube | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBa4kgXI4Cg \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JAqrRnKFHo \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y3uL5PRsZw&feature=related | |
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| | {{public:t-720-atai:zhabotinsky-reaction-1.png?400|Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction}} | | | {{public:t-720-atai:zhabotinsky-reaction-1.png?400|Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction}} | |
| | A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]] | | | A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]] | |
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| ====Cellular Automata==== | ====Cellular Automata==== |
| | What it is | An algorithmic way to program interaction between (large numbers of) rule-determined "agents" or cells. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton|Wikipedia]] | | | What it is | An algorithmic way to program interaction between (large numbers of) rule-determined "agents" or cells. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton|Wikipedia]] | |
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| ====CA Example 1==== | ====CA Example 1==== |
| | {{public:t-720-atai:emergence-fig.jpg}} | | | {{public:t-720-atai:emergence-fig.jpg}} | |
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| ==== Stephen Wolfram's CA Work==== | ==== Stephen Wolfram's CA Work==== |
| | CA | http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html | | | CA | http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html | |
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| | 2018(c)K.R.Thórisson |
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| | //EOF// |
