Center for Analysis and Design of Intelligent Agents

This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong.
[[/public:t-720-atai:atai-25:main|T-720-ATAI-2025 Main]] \\
[[/public:t-720-atai:atai-25:lecture_notes|Lecture Notes 2025]]

\\


=====Patterns, Emergence & Self-Organization=====

\\

====Emergence & Self-Organization====

|  What It Is  | The production of patterns along various spatio-temporo-energy dimensions.    |
|  \\ Why It Matters  | Creating GMI (general machine intelligence) systems likely requires new methodologies that do not build on standard ways to build software systems, as used in traditional engineering and computer science, which were all created for use by existing general intelligences (humans). These typically consist of pipelines, a-priori hand-coding, update rates that depend on slowest sub-process, pre-compilation, etc., \\ In seeking appropriate methodologies, to help our imagination adopt new paradigms it may help to look at the nature and behavior of systems that involve a different and more diverse set of principles.     |
|  \\ Regularity  | When the result of a comparison between two sets of data are found to overlap it is called **//regularity//**. \\ The overlap can be computed in various ways; different comparison methods resulting in different //patterns//. \\ Regularity is hypothesized to be //caused// by //rules//.    |
|  Patterns  | Patterns arise in a system made of parts or components, where the whose components interact in multiple ways, following (hypothesized) rules.   |
|  What is Emergence?  | In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own, properties or behaviors that emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. \\ Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence|Emergence on Wikipedia]]   |
|  Related Concept: Complexity  | Interaction between parts of a set of things, leading to a variety of patterns that include nonlinearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence. \\ Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity    |

\\
\\

====Examples of Self-Organization (Emergence)====

|  Group Clapping  | Try this in class: Start clapping; aim for clapping at the same rate as everyone else in the room.  Self-organization without centralized control.   |
|  Conway's Game of Life  | [[https://academo.org/demos/conways-game-of-life/|Link to Applet]]   |

\\



====Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction====
|  What it is  | A chemical reaction discovered in 1950.   |
|  Why it's important  | Great visual example of the kind of emergent patterns can be created through auto-catalysis (chemical in this case). One of the first (the first?) scientifically published example of emergence identified as such.  |
|  Real version on Youtube  | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBa4kgXI4Cg \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y3uL5PRsZw&feature=related   |
|  \\ \\ Simulated \\ Belousov-Zhabotinsky \\ Reaction  |  {{public:t-720-atai:250px-the_belousov-zhabotinsky_reaction.gif}}  | 
|  Belousov-Zhabotinsky  | Took almost a decade for Belousov to get the work published.  |
|  Source   | [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]] |

\\
\\



====How the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction Works====

|  {{public:t-720-atai:zhabotinsky-reaction-1.png?400|Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction}}  |
|  A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]]  |

\\
\\
====Cellular Automata====
|  What it is  | An algorithmic way to program interaction between (large numbers of) rule-determined "agents" or cells.  [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton|Wikipedia]]  |
|  Why it's important  | Powerful method to explore the concept of emergence. Also used for simulating the evolution of complex systems.    |
|  Explicates  | Interaction of rules.    |
|  Typical manifestation  | 1D or 2D grid with cell behavior governed by rules of interaction. Each cell has a scope of what it "sees" (its range of "causal ties").   |


\\
\\

====CA Example 1====
|  In this example   |
|  **Green --> Brown IF one or more are //true://** \\ * There are more than 20 green patches around and lifetime exceeds 30 \\ * There are less than 12 green patches around and lifetime exceeds 20 \\ * The number of surrounding green patches > 25 \\ * Lifetime > 60 ticks \\ **Brown --> Green IF both are //true//:** \\ * Number of surrounding green patches > 8 and heir lifetime combined > 80 \\ * Number of surrounding brown patches > 10  |


\\
\\

==== Stephen Wolfram's CA Work====
|  CA  | http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html   |
|  Book  | A New Kind of Science.   |
|  Why it's important  | Major analysis of rules for 1-D CAs. Most comprehensive work on CAs to date.    |
|  Rule 30   | Very simple **deterministic** rule that gives rise to very complex //seemingly random// patterns. \\ Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_30|Wikipedia]]    |

\\
\\

====== Videos of Emergent Phenomena ======

Corn starch shaken at audible frequencies: http://youtube.com/watch?v=WTCkVh9CWT8&feature=related

Corn starch shaken at 120 Herz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmyJdLiTRPo

Posable iron puck in a liquid-nitrogen-induced magentic field: http://youtube.com/watch?v=c3asSdngzLs&feature=related

The Weissenberg effect: http://youtube.com/watch?v=npZzlgKjs0I&feature=related

Ferromagnetic fluid: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jY72o-JAp0Q

And just in case you thought this talk about self-organization is mumbo-jumpo and a waste of time: https://newatlas.com/medical/self-assembling-molecules-suffocate-cancer-cells-hours/

\\
\\
\\

\\
2024(c)K.R.Thórisson