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| ======EMPIRICAL REASONING I====== | ======Empirical Reasoning (I)====== |
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| | Perception | A process that is part of the cognitive system of intelligent systems and whose purpose is to measure and produce outcomes of measurements, in a format that can be used by the control apparatus of which it is part. | | | Perception | A process that is part of the cognitive system of intelligent systems and whose purpose is to measure and produce outcomes of measurements, in a format that can be used by the control apparatus of which it is part. | |
| | Percept | The product of perception -- produced outcomes of measurements. | | | Percept | The product of perception -- produced outcomes of measurements. | |
| | Goal | A substate of a World. A (steady-)state that could be achieved by an agent, if assigned. | | | Goal | A substate of a World. \\ A (steady-)state that could be achieved by an agent, if assigned. | |
| | Sub-Goal | A substate of a World that can serve as an intermediate state towards achieving a (higher-level) goal. | | | Sub-Goal | A substate of a World that can serve as an intermediate state towards achieving a (higher-level) goal. | |
| | Constraints | A set of limitations that serve to reduce the degrees of freedom in performing a task or achieve a goal. | | | Constraints | A set of limitations that serve to reduce the degrees of freedom in performing a task or achieve a goal. | |
| | Knowledge | Actionable information. Information that can be used for various purposes. | | | Knowledge | Actionable information. Information that can be used for various purposes. | |
| | Knowledge Acquisition | The production of information-based models from experience. | | | Knowledge Acquisition | The production of information-based models from experience. | |
| | Empirical Learning Agent | An agent that can get better at doing tasks and achieving goals through its own experience. | | | Empirical Learning Agent | An agent that can get better at doing tasks and achieving goals through its own experience. \\ The term 'empirical' refers to the physical world. | |
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| ====Empirical Reasoning vs. Mathematical Reasoning ==== | ====Principles of Empirical Reasoning vs. Mathematical Reasoning ==== |
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| ^ **TOPIC** ^ **MATHEMATICAL REASONING** ^ **EMPIRICAL REASONING** ^ | ^ **TOPIC** ^ **MATHEMATICAL REASONING** ^ **EMPIRICAL REASONING** ^ |
| | \\ Target Use | Specify/define complete ruleset/system for closed worlds. \\ Intended for use with necessary and sufficient info. \\ Meant for dealing with mathematical domains. | Figure out how to get new things done in open worlds. \\ Intended for use with incomplete and insufficient info. \\ Meant for dealing with physical domains. | | | \\ Target Use | Specify/define complete ruleset/system for closed worlds. \\ Intended for use with necessary and sufficient info. \\ Meant for dealing with mathematical domains. | Figure out how to get new things done in open worlds. \\ Intended for use with incomplete and insufficient info. \\ Meant for dealing with physical domains. | |
| | World Assumption | Closed and certain. \\ Axioms fully known and enumerated. \\ Axiomatic and Platonic (hypothetical) | Open and uncertain. \\ at least one unknown axiom exist at all times; \\ every known axiom is defeasible<sup>1</sup> (not guaranteed). \\ | | | World Assumption | Closed and certain. \\ Axioms fully known and enumerated. \\ Axiomatic and Platonic (hypothetical) | Open and uncertain. \\ At least one unknown axiom exist at all times; \\ every known axiom is defeasible<sup>1</sup> (not guaranteed). \\ | |
| | Energy, Time, Space | Independent of energy, space and time \\ (unless specifically put into focus). | Limited by time, energy and space; \\ LEST (limited energy, space and time) is a central concept. | | | Energy, Time, Space | Independent of energy, space and time \\ (unless specifically put into focus). | Limited by energy, space & time (LEST); \\ This is of central concern. | |
| | Source of Data | Mostly hand-picked by humans from a pre-defined World. | Mostly measured by reasoning system itself, \\ from a mostly undefined World. | | | Source of Data | Mostly hand-picked by humans from a pre-defined World. | Mostly measured by reasoning system itself, \\ from a mostly undefined World. | |
| | Human-Generated Info | Large ratio of human to machine-generated info (>1). Human-generated info is detailed and targets specific topics and tasks. | Small ratio of human to machine-generated info (<<1). Human-generated info is provided in a small 'seed' and targets general bootstrapping. | | | Human-Generated Info | Large ratio of human to machine-generated info (> 1). Human-generated info is detailed and targets specific topics and tasks. | Small ratio of human to machine-generated info (<< 1). Human-generated info is provided in a small 'seed' and targets general bootstrapping. | |
| | System-Produced Output | Guaranteed to be correct if the premises and rule use is correct. | Not guaranteed to be correct - always defeasible. | | | System-Produced Output | Guaranteed to be correct if the premises and rule use is correct. | Not guaranteed to be correct - always defeasible. | |
| | Data Reliability | Always trusted. | Never fully trusted; always incomplete. | | | Data Reliability | Always trusted. | Never fully trusted; always incomplete. | |
| | Data Availability | Most data is available. No hidden data. | Most data is unavailable and/or hidden. | | | Data Availability | Most data is available. No hidden data. | Most data is unavailable and/or hidden. | |
| | Data Types | Known a-priori. Statements always syntactically correct; pre-defined syntax. | Mostly not known; tiny dataset provided a-priori. | | | Data Types | Known a-priori. Statements always syntactically correct; pre-defined syntax. | Mostly not known; tiny dataset provided a-priori. | |
| | Permitted Values | Primarily Bool (True, False) | Highly variable combinations of Bool, N, Z, Q, R, C, \\ **as well as 'uncertain' and 'not known'.** | | | Permitted Rule Values | Primarily Bool (True, False) \\ Rarely augmented by "unknown". | Highly variable combinations of Bool, N, Z, Q, R, C, \\ **as well as 'uncertain' and 'not known'.** | |
| | Information Amount | Inevitably sparse (due to being fully known). | Always larger than available processing - overwhelming. | | | Information Amount | Inevitably sparse (due to being fully known). | Always vastly larger than available processing - overwhelming. | |
| | Statements | Clear, clean and complete. | Most statements are incomplete; rarely clear and clean. | | | Statements | Clear, clean and complete. | Most statements are incomplete; rarely clear and clean. | |
| | Incorrect Statements | Guaranteed to be identifiable. | Cannot be guaranteed to be identifiable. | | | Incorrect Statements | Guaranteed to be identifiable. | Cannot be guaranteed to be identifiable. | |
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| ====Challenges of Empirical Reasoning==== | ====Challenges in Empirical Reasoning==== |
| | Data Diversity | Data types in the physical world are many and diverse - and cannot be known beforehand. | | | Data Diversity | Data types in the physical world are many and diverse - and cannot be known beforehand. | |
| | Noisy Data | Data in the physical world is extremely noisy - we say that there is a 'low signal-to-noise ratio'. | | | Noisy Data | Data in the physical world is extremely noisy - we say that there is a 'low signal-to-noise ratio'. | |
| | Bottom Line | Due to the above, empirical reasoning always deals with a high degree of uncertainty. | | | Bottom Line | Due to the above, empirical reasoning always deals with a high degree of uncertainty. | |
| | Result | This is why closed-world axiomatic reasoning cannot work for dealing with partially-known open worlds. | | | Result | This is why closed-world axiomatic reasoning cannot work for dealing with partially-known open worlds. | |
| | | Knowing What is Relevant | Any general learner will, after learning for some time, hold knowledge about a diverse set of phenomena. \\ Thus, any general learner is, at any point, faced with the question of what parts of its knowledge are relevant. | |
| | Hence | **Empirical reasoning** //must be different// from mathematical (axiomatic) reasoning. | | | Hence | **Empirical reasoning** //must be different// from mathematical (axiomatic) reasoning. | |
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| =====Non-Axiomatic Reasoning===== | ====Non-Axiomatic Reasoning==== |
| | \\ NAL | Distinguishes itself from other reasoning languages in that it is intended for knowledge in worlds where the axioms are unknown, not guaranteed, and/or fallible. \\ NAL is itself axiomatic, but it is designed for //domains// that are non-axiomatic. | | | \\ NAL | Distinguishes itself from other reasoning languages in that it is intended for knowledge in worlds where the axioms are unknown, not guaranteed, and/or fallible. \\ NAL is itself axiomatic, but it is designed for //domains// that are non-axiomatic. | |
| | NAL Features | Instead of being either {T,F}, statements have a degree of truth to them, represented by a value between 0 and 1. \\ NAL uses term logic, which is different from propositional logic in the way it expresses statements. | | | NAL Features | Instead of being either {T,F}, statements have a degree of truth to them, represented by a value between 0 and 1. \\ NAL uses term logic, which is different from propositional logic in the way it expresses statements. | |
