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public:rem4:rem4-16:philosophy_of_science_iii [2016/09/26 12:13] – created thorisson2public:rem4:rem4-16:philosophy_of_science_iii [2024/04/29 13:33] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====Ways to Generate Knowledge==== ====Ways to Generate Knowledge====
  
-|  |  Empirical  |  Mathematics  |  Philosophy  | +|  |  **Empirical**  |  **Mathematical**  |  **Philosophical**  | 
-|  Key Focus / Topic  | physical universe  | numbers, sizes, numeric relations  | anything and everything +|  **Key Focus / Topic**  | physical universe  | numbers, sizes, numeric relations  | anything and everything 
-|  Key Method of Investigation  | comparative experiment | logic, calculation, computation  | human reasoning and insight  |  +|  *Key Method of Investigation | comparative experiment | logic, calculation, computation  | human reasoning and insight  |  
-|  Main Discourse Method  | journals, conferences, books  | journals, conferences, books  | journals, conferences, books  | +|  *Main Discourse Method | journals, conferences, books  | journals, conferences, books  | journals, conferences, books  | 
-|  Absolute Certainty  | attempted, not attainable in principle  | attainable  | not attempted, not attainable in principle +|  *Absolute Certainty | attempted, not attainable in principle  | attainable  | not attempted, not attainable in principle 
-|  Result Certainty  | attempted through quality experimental design and execution  | achieved through correct application of deduction on axioms   | not attempted +|  *Result Certainty | attempted through quality experimental design and execution  | achieved through correct application of deduction on axioms   | not attempted 
-|  Result Generality  | attempted through internal and external validity of experiments  | attained through proof  | attempted through human reasoning +|  *Result Generality | attempted through internal and external validity of experiments  | attained through proof  | attempted through human reasoning 
-|  Key Driving Force  | human creativity and ingenuity   | human creativity and ingenuity  | human creativity and ingenuity +|  *Key Driving Force | human creativity and ingenuity   | human creativity and ingenuity  | human creativity and ingenuity 
-|  Key Enabling Underlying Principle  | the world is logical   | the world is logical  | the world is logical  |+|  *Key Enabling Underlying Principle | the world is logical   | the world is logical  | the world is logical  |
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 +====Can One Method Support Another?====
 +|  |  **Empirical**  |  **Mathematical**  |  **Philosophical**  |
 +|  from **Empirical** to  |  -  |  **no** \\ mathematics cannot get support from empirical methods because the former is axiomatic (what experiment would support that 2+2=4? |  **yes** \\ empirical results can limit and focus philosophical investigations  |
 +|  from **Mathematics** to  |  **yes** \\ via modeling  |  -  |  **yes** \\ mathematical arguments can limit and focus philosophical investigations  |
 +|  from **Philosophy** to  |  **yes** \\ a fundamental function of philosophy is to inform and guide empirical investigation  |  **yes** \\ philosophy informs and guides mathematics  |  -  |
  
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 +====Research in Computer Science====
 +|  |  **UI / UX**  |  **Data Science**  |  **Info Networks**  |  **Simulation**  |
 +|  **Example Researcher**  | Marta Lárusdóttir  | Markus Scheidl  | Magnús Már Halldórsson  | Joanna Bryson  |
 +|  Example Focus  | relevance & effectiveness of methods  | predicting user preferences  | building better wireless networks  | understanding behavior of groups  |
 +|  **Key Methodology Type**  | empirical  | empirical  | mathematical  | simulation  |
 +|  **Key Investigation Methods**  | Observations \\ (e.g. think-aloud testing), \\ interviews, \\ questionnaires \\ and experiments    | massive data analysis, statistics  | network analysis, modeling  | modeling and simulation  |
 +|  **Whose Behavior is Studied?**  | individuals, end-users  | individuals, end-users, groups  | algorithms, hardware  | groups, societies   |
 +|  **Fields With Comparable Features**  | psychological research  | disaster management  | formal modeling and verification  | economics  |
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 ====The Nature of Theories==== ====The Nature of Theories====
 |  Where theories come from  | Scientific theories almost never "pop out" complete and finished. They get assembled piece by piece, until there are so few pieces left that someone figures out a full picture - a complete story to be told, explaining the phenomena at hand.  | |  Where theories come from  | Scientific theories almost never "pop out" complete and finished. They get assembled piece by piece, until there are so few pieces left that someone figures out a full picture - a complete story to be told, explaining the phenomena at hand.  |
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