In this lab we will work with First Order Logic and PowerLoom, a knowledge representation system. You will have to go through the following steps and create some logical statements representing Family Relations.

• The main webpage of PowerLoom;
• You can download here the stable version;
• PowerLoom documentation in PDF or HTML version.
• Some helpful commands:

  (all-facts-of X) ;; prints out all known facts about X
  (help assert)    ;; prints out help text about “assert”
  (demo)           ;; leads you through various PowerLoom demonstrations

1. Basic Commands:
   Create a new, empty, module to work in and specify representation language syntax:
   

   (defmodule "PL-USER/FAMILY")
   (in-module "FAMILY")
   (reset-features)
   (in-dialect KIF)

   Save your module to disk (show up in your powerloom folder or the “kbs” subfolder), and loading it back later:
   

   (save-module "FAMILY" "FAMILY.PLM")
   
   (load "FAMILY.PLM")
   (in-module "FAMILY")  ;; If not already in this module

2. Defining a basic type/class predicate (a unary relation) called a “concept”:
   

   (defconcept Person(?p))          ;; Defining a Person
   (defconcept Male (?p Person))    ;; A Male is a Person
   (defconcept Female (?p Person))  ;; A Female is a Person

3. Basic TELLing and ASKing:
   

   (assert (Male John))
   (assert (Female Mary))
   
   (ask (Male John))
   (ask (Female Mary))

4. Adding First Order Logic (FOL) axioms:
   Being a Male implies you are a person:

   (assert (forall (?x) (=> (Male ?x) (Person ?x))))

   Do the same for Females.

5. Asking for possible substitutions:
   Returns one possible substitutions for ?p if it exists:

   (retrieve (Person ?p))

   Returns all possible substitutions for ?p:

   (retrieve all (Person ?p))

6. The Open-World semantics:
   The following should be unknown since it wouldn't conflict with the KB

   (ask (Male Mary))

   If we add this assertion, being a male implies you are not a female:

   (assert (forall (?p) (<=> (Male ?p) (not (Female ?p)))))

   Create the same assertion for Females.

7. Defining a regular relation predicate:
   The following creates a new Predicate called BrotherOf:

   (defrelation BrotherOf ((?p1 Male) (?p2 Person)))
   (assert (BrotherOf John Mary))
   (assert (Person Olaf))
   (assert (BrotherOf Olaf Mary))
   
   (retrieve all (BrotherOf ?x Mary))    ;; Retrieve all Brothers of Mary

   Create a new predicate called ParentOf.

8. Defining a regular function and using it:
   If a (binary) relation always maps its first argument to exactly one value (i.e., if it it “single-valued”) we can specify it as a function instead of a relation.

   (deffunction GetFather ((?p1 Person)) :-> (?p2 Male))   ;; The second value (after the symbol ":->") is the output variable of the function

   We can refer to a function in a sentence in this way:

   (assert (= (GetFather Mary) Zod))

   A new axiom that uses a function and equivalence

   (assert (<=> (= (GetFather ?c) ?f) (and (Male ?f) (ParentOf ?f ?c))))

   Ask the following:

   • Is Zod Male?
   • Is Zod Mary's parent?
9. Defining more family Relations:
   Now you are on your own…add more family relations like:
   • SisterOf;
   • AreSiblings;
   • SonOf, DaughterOf, ChildOf;
   • GrandmotherOf and GrandfatherOf;
   • UncleOf, AuntOf;
   • …
     and try answering questions like:
   • Is X a sibling of Y?
   • Who are X's grandmothers?
   • Who are X's uncles?
   • Does X's mother's mother have a male child?
   • …