[[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:main|T-720-ATAI-2018 Main]]\\ [[/public:t-720-atai:atai-18:Lecture_Notes|Links to Lecture Notes]] \\ \\ =====T-720-ATAI-2018===== ====Lecture Notes==== \\ \\ =====EMERGENCE===== \\ \\ ====Complex Systems==== ^Kind of System^What it Consists of^Theory^Methodology^ | Static system | Elements of the system do not interact, or interact slowly. Example: Mountains. | Depends on the domain. | Ditto | | Dynamic system | Elements of the system interact. | Depends on the domain. | Ditto | | Simple system | Few interacting parts | Mechanics | Observation of operation, experimentation, parts analysis. Analytic analysis. | | Complex uniform system | Vast amounts of identical elements interacting | Thermodynamics | Statistics. Mathematical models and simulation. | | Complex heterogeneous system | Multiple unique elements interacting | //--missing!--// | Agent-based models and simulation | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====Properties of HeLDs==== ^Property^Description^Example^ | Emergence | Properties of a system that are not inherent in the description of its parts. | The wetness of multiple water molecules. The pressure of a gas when heated. | | Two types of emergent properties | Locally emergent; globally emergent. | | | Local emergence | Property belongs uniformly to all the system's parts. If we can take a small part of the system away, and the rest still retains the emergent property, the property is called //local//. | Atoms in a gas. | | Global emergence | Property belongs to sub-parts of the system. If the emergent property disappears when we take away a part of it, the property is globally emergent. | Spark plugs in an automobile. | | Brains | Human brains exhibit both globally and locally emergent properties, along several dimensions. | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====How to Study HeLDs Scientifically==== | Reductionism | The method of isolating parts of a complex phenomenon or system in order to simplify and speed up our understanding of it. See also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism|Reductionism]] on Wikipedia. | | Occam's Razor | Key principle of reductionism. See also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor|Occam's Razor]]. | | HeLD | Cannot be studied by the standard application of reductionism/Occam's Razor, because the emergent properties are lost. Instead, corollaries of the system -- while ensuring some commonality to the original system //in toto// -- must be studied to gain insights into the target system. | | Agent & Environment | We try to characterize the Agent and its Task-Environment as two interacting complex systems. If we keep the Task-Environment constant, the remaining system to study is the Agent and its controller. | \\ \\ \\ \\ | {{public:t-720-atai:simple-system1.png}} | | How to tease apart HeLDs. | \\ \\ \\ \\ | {{public:t-720-atai:system-env-world-1.png}} | | Relationship between system, its task-environment, and the world. | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====Examples of Self-Organization (Emergence)==== | Group Clapping | Try this in class: Start clapping; aim for clapping at the same rate as everyone else in the room. Self-organization without centralized control. | | Conway's Game of Life | [[https://bitstorm.org/gameoflife/|Link to Applet]] | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== | {{public:t-720-atai:250px-the_belousov-zhabotinsky_reaction.gif}} | | Simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Source: Wikipedia]] | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== | What it is | A chemical reaction discovered in 1950. | | Why it's important | Great visual example of the kind of emergent patterns can be created through auto-catalysis (chemical in this case). One of the first (the first?) scientifically published example of emergence identified as such. | | Real version on Youtube | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBa4kgXI4Cg \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JAqrRnKFHo \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y3uL5PRsZw&feature=related | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====How the Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction Works==== | {{public:t-720-atai:zhabotinsky-reaction-1.png?400|Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction}} | | A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]] | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====Cellular Automata==== | What it is | An algorithmic way to program interaction between (large numbers of) rule-determined "agents" or cells. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton|Wikipedia]] | | Why it's important | Powerful method to explore the concept of emergence. Also used for simulating the evolution of complex systems. | | Explicates | Interaction of rules. | | Typical manifestation | 1D or 2D grid with cell behavior governed by rules of interaction. Each cell has a scope of what it "sees" (its range of "causal ties"). | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====CA Example 1==== | {{public:t-720-atai:emergence-fig.jpg}} | | In this example | | **Green --> Brown IF one or more are //true://** \\ * There are more than 20 green patches around and lifetime exceeds 30 \\ * There are less than 12 green patches around and lifetime exceeds 20 \\ * The number of surrounding green patches > 25 \\ * Lifetime > 60 ticks \\ **Brown --> Green IF both are //true//:** \\ * Number of surrounding green patches > 8 and heir lifetime combined > 80 \\ * Number of surrounding brown patches > 10 | \\ \\ \\ \\ ==== Stephen Wolfram's CA Work==== | CA | http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html | | Book | A New Kind of Science. | | Why it's important | Major analysis of rules for 1-D CAs. Most comprehensive work on CAs to date. | | Rule 30 | [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_30|Wikipedia]] | \\ \\ \\ \\ 2018(c)K.R.Thórisson \\ //EOF//