[[/public:t-720-atai:atai-22:main|T-720-ATAI-2022 Main]] \\ [[/public:t-720-atai:atai-22:lecture_notes|Lecture Notes 2022]] \\ =====Complexity & Emergence===== \\ ====Introduction==== | \\ What is Complexity? | //Complexity characterises the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, leading to nonlinearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence.// \\ Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity | | \\ What is Emergence? | //In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own, properties or behaviors that emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole.// \\ Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence]] | | \\ \\ Why is either relevant here? | To make GMI (general machine intelligence) systems, we must adopt new methodologies, i.e. methodologies that do not build on standard ways to build systems as done in traditional engineering and computer science. Looking at systems that employ different methods from putting everything in pipelines, hand-coding everything beforehand, using the slowest component to determine the update rate of the whole system, pre-compilation, etc., can help our imagination adopt new paradigms. | \\ \\ ====Examples of Self-Organization (Emergence)==== | Group Clapping | Try this in class: Start clapping; aim for clapping at the same rate as everyone else in the room. Self-organization without centralized control. | | Conway's Game of Life | [[https://academo.org/demos/conways-game-of-life/|Link to Applet]] | \\ ====Examples of Self-Organization (Emergence)==== | Group Clapping | Try this in class: Start clapping; aim for clapping at the same rate as everyone else in the room. Self-organization without centralized control. | | Conway's Game of Life | [[https://academo.org/demos/conways-game-of-life/|Link to Applet]] | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== | \\ \\ Simulated \\ Belousov-Zhabotinsky \\ Reaction | {{public:t-720-atai:250px-the_belousov-zhabotinsky_reaction.gif}} | | Belousov-Zhabotinsky | Took almost a decade for Belousov to get the work published. | | Source | [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]] | \\ ====Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction==== | What it is | A chemical reaction discovered in 1950. | | Why it's important | Great visual example of the kind of emergent patterns can be created through auto-catalysis (chemical in this case). One of the first (the first?) scientifically published example of emergence identified as such. | | Real version on Youtube | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBa4kgXI4Cg \\ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y3uL5PRsZw&feature=related | \\ \\ ====How the Belusov-Zhaboutinsky Reaction Works==== | {{public:t-720-atai:zhabotinsky-reaction-1.png?400|Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction}} | | A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction|Wikipedia]] | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====Cellular Automata==== | What it is | An algorithmic way to program interaction between (large numbers of) rule-determined "agents" or cells. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton|Wikipedia]] | | Why it's important | Powerful method to explore the concept of emergence. Also used for simulating the evolution of complex systems. | | Explicates | Interaction of rules. | | Typical manifestation | 1D or 2D grid with cell behavior governed by rules of interaction. Each cell has a scope of what it "sees" (its range of "causal ties"). | \\ \\ \\ \\ ====CA Example 1==== | {{public:t-720-atai:emergence-fig.jpg}} | | In this example | | **Green --> Brown IF one or more are //true://** \\ * There are more than 20 green patches around and lifetime exceeds 30 \\ * There are less than 12 green patches around and lifetime exceeds 20 \\ * The number of surrounding green patches > 25 \\ * Lifetime > 60 ticks \\ **Brown --> Green IF both are //true//:** \\ * Number of surrounding green patches > 8 and heir lifetime combined > 80 \\ * Number of surrounding brown patches > 10 | \\ \\ \\ \\ ==== Stephen Wolfram's CA Work==== | CA | http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html | | Book | A New Kind of Science. | | Why it's important | Major analysis of rules for 1-D CAs. Most comprehensive work on CAs to date. | | Rule 30 | Very simple **deterministic** rule that gives rise to very complex //seemingly random// patterns. \\ Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_30|Wikipedia]] | \\ \\ ====== Videos of Emergent Phenomena ====== Corn starch shaken at audible frequencies: http://youtube.com/watch?v=WTCkVh9CWT8&feature=related Corn starch shaken at several thousand Herz: TBD http://youtube.com/w/Amazing-Liquid?v=CH6-2UizHfI Posable iron puck in a liquid-nitrogen-induced magentic field: http://youtube.com/watch?v=c3asSdngzLs&feature=related The Weissenberg effect: http://youtube.com/watch?v=npZzlgKjs0I&feature=related Ferromagnetic fluid: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jY72o-JAp0Q More ferromagentism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpI4EiGACo8&feature=related Even more ferromagnetic fluids: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d44LW6KZ_iU&feature=related Corn starch pool competition: http://youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw&feature=related And just in case you thought this talk about self-organization is mumbo-jumpo and a waste of time: https://newatlas.com/medical/self-assembling-molecules-suffocate-cancer-cells-hours/ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ K.R.Thorisson(c)2022